Spinal Stenosis

What is Spinal Stenosis?

Spinal stenosis is a condition in which the spaces in the spinal cord become abnormally narrowed. This can cause compression of the nerves and spinal cord, causing neck and back pain, as well as tingling, numbness, or weakness in the arms or legs. Spinal stenosis most often affects older people and can grow worse over time if left untreated.

What Are The Causes of Spinal Stenosis?

In some cases, spinal stenosis is a congenital condition that results from being born with a narrow spinal canal, but this condition more commonly arises from wear and tear that occurs over a longer period of time. Some of the most common causes include:

– Osteoarthritis: Spinal osteoarthritis causes the cartilage in the spinal cord to gradually erode over time. This cartilage cushions the spinal cord, and when it breaks down the vertebrae will begin to rub against one another. This can cause inflammation and growth of bone spurs known as osteophytes which may obstruct the spinal canal.

– Herniated Disks: The spinal column contains a series of round, flat pads to absorb shock. These disks are filled with a gel-like substance which can leak out because of injury or gradually dry out as you age. When the disks are damaged or flattened over time, it can cause pressure on the nerves of the spine.

– Spinal Injuries: Injuries to the spinal cord can cause fractures, dislocations, and inflammation of the vertebrae. This kind of trauma can result in the bones being displaced into the spaces of the spinal cord.

– Thickened Ligaments: Arthritis can cause the ligaments of the spinal cord to become dry, hard, and thickened, encroaching upon the spaces in the spine.

– Tumors/Cysts: Abnormal growths in the spinal cord, though rare, can occur. Stenosis may be caused by these growths pressing against the nerves.

What Are The Signs And Symptoms of Spinal Stenosis?

Spinal stenosis is often present without any noticeable symptoms, but tends to grow worse over time. Some of the most common symptoms include pain, usually in the lower back or neck region, or sciatica, in which pain extends from the buttocks partway down the leg, or in some cases all the way to the foot. Depending on the location of the issue, you may feel numbness or tingling in your arms or legs which will sometimes lessen when you are leaning forward. In serious cases, you may have difficulty walking or using your hands for simple tasks, and even lose control of bowel or bladder movements.

What Are The Risk Factors of Spinal Stenosis?

While spinal trauma and some congenital issues or degenerative conditions may cause spinal stenosis to appear in younger patients, it is far more common among patients over the age of 50.

How is Spinal Stenosis Diagnosed?

Your doctor will begin by reviewing your medical history, discussing any symptoms and pre-existing conditions or injuries which may affect the spinal cord. Spinal stenosis can then typically be identified through diagnostic imaging tests such as X-rays, MRIs, or CT scans.

What Are Possible Treatments For Spinal Stenosis?

The best course of treatment may vary depending on how advanced and severe your symptoms are. Mild cases of spinal stenosis can usually be treated through conservative means such as over-the-counter pain medications, diet, and exercise. Other potential treatments include physical therapy or steroid injections.

Some cases of lumbar spinal stenosis can be treated through a minimally invasive decompression procedure to remove a part of the thickened ligament which is encroaching upon the nerves. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove bone spurs, repair disks, or place an implant which will maintain space between the vertebrae.

Are There Preventative Steps or Measures To Avoid Spinal Stenosis?

Because spinal stenosis is often a natural result of the wear and tear that occurs as you get older, there is no certain method of prevention. However, there are lifestyle changes you can make that may reduce your risk. Maintaining good posture, eating a healthy diet, keeping your body weight at a healthy level, and quitting smoking are all lifestyle interventions that may help avoid or mitigate spinal stenosis as you age.

What Are The Risks If Spinal Stenosis Is Left Untreated?

If not treated, spinal stenosis can continue to increase in severity, causing worsening numbness, tingling, and pain. Incontinence and loss of bowel control can occur as stenosis becomes more severe. In extreme cases, there may be permanent nerve damage and loss of function, causing numbness and even paralysis.

Are There Other Related Conditions To Spinal Stenosis?

Spinal stenosis can result from scoliosis and other congenital conditions which affect the shape of the spinal cord, as well as spinal injuries such as vertebral fractures or herniated disks.